In the first part we learned how to move around the terminal, manage files and directories, permissions, redirections, and searching. In this second chapter, we make the leap to **network utilities**, **file compression**, and **process management**.
Disclaimer: This post has been translated to English using a machine translation model. Please, let me know if you find any mistakes.
π **This post is part of the _Introduction to the terminal_ series**, divided into three chapters that should be read in order:
> * Part 1: Navigation, files and commands
* π **Part 2: Network, compression and processes**
* Part 3: System administration
Network Utilities
Network interface information with ifconfig
The first command will be ifconfig, which shows us information about our network interfaces.
InputPython!ifconfigCopied
Output
br-470e52ae2708: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 172.18.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.18.255.255ether 02:42:ac:d0:b9:eb txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255ether 02:42:5d:15:1c:e9 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0enp6s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 192.168.1.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255inet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 144369 bytes 123807349 (123.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 2056 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 100672 bytes 55678042 (55.6 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>loop txqueuelen 1000 (Bucle local)RX packets 10748 bytes 1832545 (1.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 10748 bytes 1832545 (1.8 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0wlp5s0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500ether 4c:77:cb:1d:66:cc txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
As we can see, we have the information for all the network interfaces on my computer, but if I want to know only one, I specify it by adding its name
InputPython!ifconfig enp6s0Copied
Output
enp6s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 192.168.1.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255inet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 144467 bytes 123842258 (123.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 2060 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 100786 bytes 55749109 (55.7 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Network interface information with ip
Another way to obtain information about our network interfaces is by using the ip command; adding a gives us information about all interfaces
InputPython!ip aCopied
Output
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lovalid_lft forever preferred_lft foreverinet6 ::1/128 scope hostvalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: enp6s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 192.168.1.144/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp6s0valid_lft 80218sec preferred_lft 80218secinet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e/64 scope link noprefixroutevalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever3: wlp5s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 4c:77:cb:1d:66:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff4: br-470e52ae2708: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group defaultlink/ether 02:42:ac:d0:b9:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 172.18.0.1/16 brd 172.18.255.255 scope global br-470e52ae2708valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever5: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group defaultlink/ether 02:42:5d:15:1c:e9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Communications test with ping
Another useful command is ping, which can help us check whether we have a connection to a specific IP. For example, Google's IP is 142.250.200.78, so we ping it to see if it responds. The ping command in Linux keeps sending pings continuously, so it never ends until we stop it; to prevent that, we add the -c flag and the number of attempts
InputPython!ping 142.250.200.132 -c 4Copied
Output
PING 142.250.200.132 (142.250.200.132) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=3.46 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.77 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=2.81 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=2.86 ms--- 142.250.200.132 ping statistics ---4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.812/3.227/3.773/0.405 ms
The same would have happened if we had done it directly on google.com
InputPython!ping www.google.com -c 4Copied
Output
PING www.google.com (142.250.200.132) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=2.74 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.96 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=3.56 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=2.87 ms--- www.google.com ping statistics ---4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.741/3.283/3.962/0.499 ms
Download source files with curl
We can obtain a text file from a given address using the curl command; for example, we can download Google's HTML.
InputPython!curl https://www.google.comCopied
Output
<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="es"><head><meta content="Google.es permite acceder a la informaciοΏ½n mundial en castellano, catalοΏ½n, gallego, euskara e inglοΏ½s." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script nonce="zXcc4tMJWBRoE7q_o_Z2fQ">(function(){window.google={kEI:'M5GOY6PeLr-jkdUP1pir0AE',kEXPI:'0,1359409,6059,206,4804,2316,383,246,5,5367,1123753,1197713,688,380089,16115,28684,22430,1362,12312,17587,4998,13228,3847,10622,22741,5081,1593,1279,2742,149,1103,840,1983,214,4100,3514,606,2023,2297,14670,3227,2845,7,4773,28997,1850,15757,3,346,230,6459,149,13975,4,1528,2304,7039,27731,7357,13658,4437,16786,5815,2542,4094,4052,3,3541,1,14262,27892,2,14022,6248,19490,5680,1021,2380,28741,4569,6255,23421,1252,5835,14967,4333,7484,11406,15676,8155,7381,15970,873,14804,1,4828,7,1922,5784,12208,10330,587,12192,4832,26504,5796,3,14433,3890,751,13384,1499,3,679,1622,1779,1886,338,1627,1119,6,8909,80,243,458,3438,1763,722,1020,813,91,1133,10,280,2306,44,77,1420,3,562,402,314,275,2095,440,399,138,384,1033,334,2667,2,723,444,79,403,501,929,3,785,2,240,78,2022,284,196,732,175,342,244,617,335,1,841,1275,14,979,57,857,446,2,1900,838,251,227,50,21,8,3,442,57,40,936,697,773,95,121,643,1502,163,355,702,195,1,452,50,334,687,109,1,19,109,134,546,80,5,36,124,68,135,131,415,47,27,266,563,48,231,742,15,527,2,6,495,1,495,5,62,1627,441,262,5,3,648,3,6,4,13,39,538,792,337,9,115,98,180,148,308,401,1240,2,726,243,2044,5286450,84,19,32,115,11,70,5995534,2803414,3311,141,795,19735,1,1,346,1755,1004,41,342,1,189,14,1,10,8,1,5,4,2,1,3,2,2,1,3,1,3,1,4,3,1,3,2,2,23947076,511,21,11,4041599,1964,1007,2087,13579,3102,303,5595,11,3835,3637,2623,9,136,1524825',kBL:'p9Xv'};google.sn='webhp';google.kHL='es';})();(function(){var 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a{padding:0 3px;}.H6sW5{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;white-space:nowrap}.z4hgWe{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px}</style><div id="SIvCob">Ofrecido por Google en: <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=ca&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAU">catalοΏ½</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=gl&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAY">galego</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=eu&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAc">euskara</a> </div></div></div><span id="footer"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div style="margin:19px auto;text-align:center" id="WqQANb"><a href="http://www.google.es/intl/es/services/">Soluciones Empresariales</a><a href="/intl/es/about.html">Todo acerca de Google</a><a 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u='/xjs/_/js/k=xjs.hp.en.9b-uVUIpJU8.O/am=AADoBABQAGAB/d=1/ed=1/rs=ACT90oG-6KYVksw4jxVvNcwan406xE6qVw/m=sb_he,d';var amd=0;var d=this||self,e=function(a){return a};var g;var l=function(a,b){this.g=b===h?a:""};l.prototype.toString=function(){return this.g+""};var h={};function m(){var a=u;google.lx=function(){p(a);google.lx=function(){}};google.bx||google.lx()}function p(a){google.timers&&google.timers.load&&google.tick&&google.tick("load","xjsls");var b=document;var c="SCRIPT";"application/xhtml+xml"===b.contentType&&(c=c.toLowerCase());c=b.createElement(c);if(void 0===g){b=null;var k=d.trustedTypes;if(k&&k.createPolicy){try{b=k.createPolicy("goog#html",{createHTML:e,createScript:e,createScriptURL:e})}catch(q){d.console&&d.console.error(q.message)}g=b}else g=b}a=(b=g)?b.createScriptURL(a):a;a=new l(a,h);c.src=a instanceof l&&a.constructor===l?a.g:"type_error:TrustedResourceUrl";var f,n;(f=(a=null==(n=(f=(c.ownerDocument&&c.ownerDocument.defaultView||window).document).querySelector)?void 0:n.call(f,"script[nonce]"))?a.nonce||a.getAttribute("nonce")||"":"")&&c.setAttribute("nonce",f);document.body.appendChild(c);google.psa=!0};google.xjsu=u;setTimeout(function(){0<amd?google.caft(function(){return m()},amd):m()},0);})();function _DumpException(e){throw e;}function _F_installCss(c){}(function(){google.jl={blt:'none',chnk:0,dw:false,dwu:true,emtn:0,end:0,ico:false,ikb:0,ine:false,injs:'none',injt:0,injth:0,injv2:false,lls:'default',pdt:0,rep:0,snet:true,strt:0,ubm:false,uwp:true};})();(function(){var pmc='{"d":{},"sb_he":{"agen":true,"cgen":true,"client":"heirloom-hp","dh":true,"ds":"","fl":true,"host":"google.com","jsonp":true,"lm":true,"msgs":{"cibl":"Borrar bοΏ½squeda","dym":"QuizοΏ½s quisiste decir:","lcky":"Voy a tener suerte","lml":"MοΏ½s informaciοΏ½n","psrc":"Esta bοΏ½squeda se ha eliminado de tu \u003Ca href=\"/history\"\u003Ehistorial web\u003C/a\u003E.","psrl":"Eliminar","sbit":"Buscar por imagen","srch":"Buscar con Google"},"ovr":{},"pq":"","rfs":[],"sbas":"0 3px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2),0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.08)","stok":"gh8wSanWNWQy8f-PH0wGTjDkvYQ"}}';google.pmc=JSON.parse(pmc);})();</script> </body></html>
We can also make a pipeline to save it to a file
InputPython!curl https://www.google.com > google.htmlCopied
Output
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time CurrentDload Upload Total Spent Left Speed100 15168 0 15168 0 0 135k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 137k
Now we can see if it has been saved correctly
InputPython!cat google.htmlCopied
Output
<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="es"><head><meta content="Google.es permite acceder a la informaciοΏ½n mundial en castellano, catalοΏ½n, gallego, euskara e inglοΏ½s." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){window.google={kEI:'R5GOY-LZHLegkdUP_IqzoAE',kEXPI:'0,1359409,6059,206,4804,2316,383,246,5,5367,1123753,1197777,380713,16115,28684,22430,1362,283,12036,17580,4998,13228,516,3331,10622,22741,5081,1593,1279,2742,149,1103,840,1983,4,210,4100,3514,606,2023,2299,14668,3229,2843,7,4773,826,23475,4696,1851,15756,3,346,230,6459,149,13975,4,1528,2304,7039,20309,7422,7357,13658,4437,16786,5812,2545,4094,4052,3,3541,1,11943,30211,2,8984,1,5037,6249,19490,5679,1020,2378,28745,4568,6258,23418,1252,5835,14967,4333,4239,3245,27082,239,7916,7381,15969,874,19633,6,1923,5784,3995,21779,1120,8423,4832,26080,423,107,5690,3,14433,3890,751,14879,3,683,217,1405,1779,1854,31,1966,1119,6,8909,323,5659,1741,814,1224,10,280,2346,82,1419,3,565,401,519,68,970,1125,440,398,156,367,1034,333,3392,526,396,3,1431,3,785,2,312,2312,196,907,342,244,618,314,1,293,568,171,1104,14,89,891,56,857,306,14,509,154,246,1110,219,628,249,229,49,8,8,3,55,4,399,55,39,1072,49,43,2,468,782,83,123,641,1502,166,350,707,195,5,140,358,329,692,109,1,20,108,134,547,67,5,49,93,31,77,124,79,355,160,27,829,236,764,12,35,118,98,803,1,65,436,5,5,54,2065,262,5,3,647,3,8,2,14,39,65,380,80,14,790,346,115,99,1323,4,711,242,2,723,2286,5280608,12,5934,147,81,8798948,3311,141,795,19735,1,1,346,1755,1004,41,342,1,189,14,9,4,6,3,3,4,1,2,2,3,2,2,2,1,2,5,2,2,1,2,2,2,23947077,512,18,13,2737921,1303678,1964,3094,13579,3405,5595,11,3835,1923,3208,1069,1480676,40778',kBL:'p9Xv'};google.sn='webhp';google.kHL='es';})();(function(){var f=this||self;var h,k=[];function l(a){for(var b;a&&(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute("eid")));)a=a.parentNode;return b||h}function m(a){for(var b=null;a&&(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute("leid")));)a=a.parentNode;return b}function n(a,b,c,d,g){var e="";c||-1!==b.search("&ei=")||(e="&ei="+l(d),-1===b.search("&lei=")&&(d=m(d))&&(e+="&lei="+d));d="";!c&&f._cshid&&-1===b.search("&cshid=")&&"slh"!==a&&(d="&cshid="+f._cshid);c=c||"/"+(g||"gen_204")+"?atyp=i&ct="+a+"&cad="+b+e+"&zx="+Date.now()+d;/^http:/i.test(c)&&"https:"===window.location.protocol&&(google.ml&&google.ml(Error("a"),!1,{src:c,glmm:1}),c="");return c};h=google.kEI;google.getEI=l;google.getLEI=m;google.ml=function(){return null};google.log=function(a,b,c,d,g){if(c=n(a,b,c,d,g)){a=new Image;var e=k.length;k[e]=a;a.onerror=a.onload=a.onabort=function(){delete k[e]};a.src=c}};google.logUrl=n;}).call(this);(function(){google.y={};google.sy=[];google.x=function(a,b){if(a)var c=a.id;else{do c=Math.random();while(google.y[c])}google.y[c]=[a,b];return!1};google.sx=function(a){google.sy.push(a)};google.lm=[];google.plm=function(a){google.lm.push.apply(google.lm,a)};google.lq=[];google.load=function(a,b,c){google.lq.push([[a],b,c])};google.loadAll=function(a,b){google.lq.push([a,b])};google.bx=!1;google.lx=function(){};}).call(this);google.f={};(function(){document.documentElement.addEventListener("submit",function(b){var a;if(a=b.target){var c=a.getAttribute("data-submitfalse");a="1"===c||"q"===c&&!a.elements.q.value?!0:!1}else a=!1;a&&(b.preventDefault(),b.stopPropagation())},!0);document.documentElement.addEventListener("click",function(b){var a;a:{for(a=b.target;a&&a!==document.documentElement;a=a.parentElement)if("A"===a.tagName){a="1"===a.getAttribute("data-nohref");break a}a=!1}a&&b.preventDefault()},!0);}).call(this);</script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important}</style><style>body,td,a,p,.h{font-family:arial,sans-serif}body{margin:0;overflow-y:scroll}#gog{padding:3px 8px 0}td{line-height:.8em}.gac_m td{line-height:17px}form{margin-bottom:20px}.h{color:#1558d6}em{font-weight:bold;font-style:normal}.lst{height:25px;width:496px}.gsfi,.lst{font:18px arial,sans-serif}.gsfs{font:17px arial,sans-serif}.ds{display:inline-box;display:inline-block;margin:3px 0 4px;margin-left:4px}input{font-family:inherit}body{background:#fff;color:#000}a{color:#4b11a8;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active{text-decoration:underline}.fl a{color:#1558d6}a:visited{color:#4b11a8}.sblc{padding-top:5px}.sblc a{display:block;margin:2px 0;margin-left:13px;font-size:11px}.lsbb{background:#f8f9fa;border:solid 1px;border-color:#dadce0 #70757a #70757a #dadce0;height:30px}.lsbb{display:block}#WqQANb a{display:inline-block;margin:0 12px}.lsb{background:url(/images/nav_logo229.png) 0 -261px repeat-x;border:none;color:#000;cursor:pointer;height:30px;margin:0;outline:0;font:15px arial,sans-serif;vertical-align:top}.lsb:active{background:#dadce0}.lst:focus{outline:none}</style><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){window.google.erd={jsr:1,bv:1698,de:true};var h=this||self;var k,l=null!=(k=h.mei)?k:1,n,p=null!=(n=h.sdo)?n:!0,q=0,r,t=google.erd,v=t.jsr;google.ml=function(a,b,d,m,e){e=void 0===e?2:e;b&&(r=a&&a.message);if(google.dl)return google.dl(a,e,d),null;if(0>v){window.console&&console.error(a,d);if(-2===v)throw a;b=!1}else b=!a||!a.message||"Error loading script"===a.message||q>=l&&!m?!1:!0;if(!b)return null;q++;d=d||{};b=encodeURIComponent;var c="/gen_204?atyp=i&ei="+b(google.kEI);google.kEXPI&&(c+="&jexpid="+b(google.kEXPI));c+="&srcpg="+b(google.sn)+"&jsr="+b(t.jsr)+"&bver="+b(t.bv);var f=a.lineNumber;void 0!==f&&(c+="&line="+f);var g=a.fileName;g&&(0<g.indexOf("-extension:/")&&(e=3),c+="&script="+b(g),f&&g===window.location.href&&(f=document.documentElement.outerHTML.split(" ")[f],c+="&cad="+b(f?f.substring(0,300):"No script found.")));c+="&jsel="+e;for(var u in d)c+="&",c+=b(u),c+="=",c+=b(d[u]);c=c+"&emsg="+b(a.name+": "+a.message);c=c+"&jsst="+b(a.stack||"N/A");12288<=c.length&&(c=c.substr(0,12288));a=c;m||google.log(0,"",a);return a};window.onerror=function(a,b,d,m,e){r!==a&&(a=e instanceof Error?e:Error(a),void 0===d||"lineNumber"in a||(a.lineNumber=d),void 0===b||"fileName"in a||(a.fileName=b),google.ml(a,!1,void 0,!1,"SyntaxError"===a.name||"SyntaxError"===a.message.substring(0,11)||-1!==a.message.indexOf("Script error")?3:0));r=null;p&&q>=l&&(window.onerror=null)};})();</script></head><body bgcolor="#fff"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var src='/images/nav_logo229.png';var iesg=false;document.body.onload = function(){window.n && window.n();if (document.images){new Image().src=src;}if (!iesg){document.f&&document.f.q.focus();document.gbqf&&document.gbqf.q.focus();}}})();</script><div id="mngb"><div id=gbar><nobr><b class=gb1>BοΏ½squeda</b> <a class=gb1 href="https://www.google.es/imghp?hl=es&tab=wi">ImοΏ½genes</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.es/maps?hl=es&tab=wl">Maps</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=es&tab=w8">Play</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=w1">YouTube</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=wn">Noticias</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=wm">Gmail</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=wo">Drive</a> <a class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.es/intl/es/about/products?tab=wh"><u>MοΏ½s</u> &raquo;</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a href="http://www.google.es/history/optout?hl=es" class=gb4>Historial web</a> | <a href="/preferences?hl=es" class=gb4>Ajustes</a> | <a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?hl=es&passive=true&continue=https://www.google.com/&ec=GAZAAQ" class=gb4>Iniciar sesiοΏ½n</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div></div><center><br clear="all" id="lgpd"><div id="lga"><img alt="Google" height="92" src="/images/branding/googlelogo/1x/googlelogo_white_background_color_272x92dp.png" style="padding:28px 0 14px" width="272" id="hplogo"><br><br></div><form action="/search" name="f"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="top"><td width="25%">&nbsp;</td><td align="center" nowrap=""><input name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" type="hidden"><input value="es" name="hl" type="hidden"><input name="source" type="hidden" value="hp"><input name="biw" type="hidden"><input name="bih" type="hidden"><div class="ds" style="height:32px;margin:4px 0"><input class="lst" style="margin:0;padding:5px 8px 0 6px;vertical-align:top;color:#000" autocomplete="off" value="" title="Buscar con Google" maxlength="2048" name="q" size="57"></div><br style="line-height:0"><span class="ds"><span class="lsbb"><input class="lsb" value="Buscar con Google" name="btnG" type="submit"></span></span><span class="ds"><span class="lsbb"><input class="lsb" id="tsuid_1" value="Voy a tener suerte" name="btnI" type="submit"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var id='tsuid_1';document.getElementById(id).onclick = function(){if (this.form.q.value){this.checked = 1;if (this.form.iflsig)this.form.iflsig.disabled = false;}else top.location='/doodles/';};})();</script><input value="AJiK0e8AAAAAY46fV7gpXBHCT6KAebFZAqGv1l-4BtIR" name="iflsig" type="hidden"></span></span></td><td class="fl sblc" align="left" nowrap="" width="25%"><a href="/advanced_search?hl=es&amp;authuser=0">BοΏ½squeda avanzada</a></td></tr></table><input id="gbv" name="gbv" type="hidden" value="1"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var a,b="1";if(document&&document.getElementById)if("undefined"!=typeof XMLHttpRequest)b="2";else if("undefined"!=typeof ActiveXObject){var c,d,e=["MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP","Microsoft.XMLHTTP"];for(c=0;d=e[c++];)try{new ActiveXObject(d),b="2"}catch(h){}}a=b;if("2"==a&&-1==location.search.indexOf("&gbv=2")){var f=google.gbvu,g=document.getElementById("gbv");g&&(g.value=a);f&&window.setTimeout(function(){location.href=f},0)};}).call(this);</script></form><div id="gac_scont"></div><div style="font-size:83%;min-height:3.5em"><br><div id="gws-output-pages-elements-homepage_additional_languages__als"><style>#gws-output-pages-elements-homepage_additional_languages__als{font-size:small;margin-bottom:24px}#SIvCob{color:#3c4043;display:inline-block;line-height:28px;}#SIvCob a{padding:0 3px;}.H6sW5{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;white-space:nowrap}.z4hgWe{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px}</style><div id="SIvCob">Ofrecido por Google en: <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=ca&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAU">catalοΏ½</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=gl&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAY">galego</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=eu&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAc">euskara</a> </div></div></div><span id="footer"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div style="margin:19px auto;text-align:center" id="WqQANb"><a href="http://www.google.es/intl/es/services/">Soluciones Empresariales</a><a href="/intl/es/about.html">Todo acerca de Google</a><a href="https://www.google.com/setprefdomain?prefdom=ES&amp;prev=https://www.google.es/&amp;sig=K_8O8QHBmoai9DOT5YZxMWevJK8VI%3D">Google.es</a></div></div><p style="font-size:8pt;color:#70757a">&copy; 2022 - <a href="/intl/es/policies/privacy/">Privacidad</a> - <a href="/intl/es/policies/terms/">TοΏ½rminos</a></p></span></center><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){window.google.cdo={height:757,width:1440};(function(){var a=window.innerWidth,b=window.innerHeight;if(!a||!b){var c=window.document,d="CSS1Compat"==c.compatMode?c.documentElement:c.body;a=d.clientWidth;b=d.clientHeight}a&&b&&(a!=google.cdo.width||b!=google.cdo.height)&&google.log("","","/client_204?&atyp=i&biw="+a+"&bih="+b+"&ei="+google.kEI);}).call(this);})();</script> <script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){google.xjs={ck:'xjs.hp.oxai9SxkIQY.L.X.O',cs:'ACT90oEGh-_ImDfBjn6aD_ABGaOlD2MqVw',excm:[]};})();</script> <script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var u='/xjs/_/js/k=xjs.hp.en.9b-uVUIpJU8.O/am=AADoBABQAGAB/d=1/ed=1/rs=ACT90oG-6KYVksw4jxVvNcwan406xE6qVw/m=sb_he,d';var amd=0;var d=this||self,e=function(a){return a};var g;var l=function(a,b){this.g=b===h?a:""};l.prototype.toString=function(){return this.g+""};var h={};function m(){var a=u;google.lx=function(){p(a);google.lx=function(){}};google.bx||google.lx()}function p(a){google.timers&&google.timers.load&&google.tick&&google.tick("load","xjsls");var b=document;var c="SCRIPT";"application/xhtml+xml"===b.contentType&&(c=c.toLowerCase());c=b.createElement(c);if(void 0===g){b=null;var k=d.trustedTypes;if(k&&k.createPolicy){try{b=k.createPolicy("goog#html",{createHTML:e,createScript:e,createScriptURL:e})}catch(q){d.console&&d.console.error(q.message)}g=b}else g=b}a=(b=g)?b.createScriptURL(a):a;a=new l(a,h);c.src=a instanceof l&&a.constructor===l?a.g:"type_error:TrustedResourceUrl";var f,n;(f=(a=null==(n=(f=(c.ownerDocument&&c.ownerDocument.defaultView||window).document).querySelector)?void 0:n.call(f,"script[nonce]"))?a.nonce||a.getAttribute("nonce")||"":"")&&c.setAttribute("nonce",f);document.body.appendChild(c);google.psa=!0};google.xjsu=u;setTimeout(function(){0<amd?google.caft(function(){return m()},amd):m()},0);})();function _DumpException(e){throw e;}function _F_installCss(c){}(function(){google.jl={blt:'none',chnk:0,dw:false,dwu:true,emtn:0,end:0,ico:false,ikb:0,ine:false,injs:'none',injt:0,injth:0,injv2:false,lls:'default',pdt:0,rep:0,snet:true,strt:0,ubm:false,uwp:true};})();(function(){var pmc='{"d":{},"sb_he":{"agen":true,"cgen":true,"client":"heirloom-hp","dh":true,"ds":"","fl":true,"host":"google.com","jsonp":true,"lm":true,"msgs":{"cibl":"Borrar bοΏ½squeda","dym":"QuizοΏ½s quisiste decir:","lcky":"Voy a tener suerte","lml":"MοΏ½s informaciοΏ½n","psrc":"Esta bοΏ½squeda se ha eliminado de tu \u003Ca href=\"/history\"\u003Ehistorial web\u003C/a\u003E.","psrl":"Eliminar","sbit":"Buscar por imagen","srch":"Buscar con Google"},"ovr":{},"pq":"","rfs":[],"sbas":"0 3px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2),0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.08)","stok":"GYSMF2y7hymT0L3W0W4RPVIsSrU"}}';google.pmc=JSON.parse(pmc);})();</script> </body></html>
Download files with wget
Another similar command is wget; however, unlike curl, wget downloads the file directly
InputPython!wget https://www.google.comCopied
Output
--2022-12-06 01:49:19-- https://www.google.com/Resolviendo www.google.com (www.google.com)... 142.250.200.68, 2a00:1450:4003:80c::2004Conectando con www.google.com (www.google.com)[142.250.200.68]:443... conectado.PeticiΓ³n HTTP enviada, esperando respuesta... 200 OKLongitud: no especificado [text/html]Guardando como: βindex.html.1βindex.html.1 [ <=> ] 14,76K --.-KB/s en 0,002s2022-12-06 01:49:19 (7,17 MB/s) - βindex.html.1β guardado [15117]
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 316-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
We see that it has been saved as index.html, which is how Google has it named
If we want it to be saved with a specific name, we can use the -O flag
InputPython!wget https://www.google.com -O google2.htmlCopied
Output
--2022-12-06 01:49:37-- https://www.google.com/Resolviendo www.google.com (www.google.com)... 142.250.200.68, 2a00:1450:4003:80c::2004Conectando con www.google.com (www.google.com)[142.250.200.68]:443... conectado.PeticiΓ³n HTTP enviada, esperando respuesta... 200 OKLongitud: no especificado [text/html]Guardando como: βgoogle2.htmlβgoogle2.html [ <=> ] 14,78K --.-KB/s en 0,003s2022-12-06 01:49:37 (5,27 MB/s) - βgoogle2.htmlβ guardado [15131]
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 332-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
Route debugging with traceroute
A very useful command is to see the route to a destination; for this we use traceroute, for example, let's see all the places I have to go through to connect to Google
InputPython!traceroute www.google.comCopied
Output
traceroute to www.google.com (142.250.200.68), 64 hops max1 192.168.1.1 0,435ms 0,154ms 0,133ms2 188.127.176.1 3,979ms 2,914ms 3,397ms3 10.15.0.77 3,600ms 3,914ms 2,669ms4 10.15.246.6 3,567ms 3,713ms 2,926ms5 * * *6 72.14.209.84 3,981ms 2,914ms 2,993ms7 * * *8 142.251.54.148 3,856ms 2,916ms 2,905ms9 142.250.200.68 2,908ms 2,949ms 3,037ms
Route debugging with mtr
Another debugging tool is mtr, which is an improved version of traceroute. It provides information for each hop, such as response time, packet loss percentage, etc.
InputPython!mtr -n maximofn.comCopied
Output
wallabot (192.168.178.144)Keys: Help Display mode Restart statistics Order of fields quitPackets PingsHost Loss% Snt Last Avg Best Wrst StDev1. 192.168.178.1 0.0% 345 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.02. 192.168.0.1 0.0% 344 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.03. (waiting for reply)4. 10.183.52.41 0.0% 344 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.05. 172.29.0.161 47.7% 344 2.3 3.1 3.1 23.1 0.06. (waiting for reply)7. 193.149.1.97 0.0% 344 3.6 3.6 3.6 38.6 0.08. (waiting for reply)9. 185.125.78.197 2.9% 344 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 0.0
As can be seen in hop 5, almost 50% of the packets are lost, so this would help me call my phone company and ask them to try routing me another way
Our machine name with hostname
If we want to know the name of our team, we can use hostname, which is useful if we want to connect to our machine from another one.
InputPython!hostnameCopied
Output
wallabot
Default gateway information with route -n
If we want to find out our default gateway, we use the command route -n
InputPython!route -nCopied
Output
Tabla de rutas IP del nΓΊcleoDestino Pasarela Genmask Indic MΓ©tric Ref Uso Interfaz0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 enp6s0169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 enp6s0172.17.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 docker0172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 br-470e52ae2708192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 enp6s0
Domain IP Information with nslookup
If we want to know the IP of a domain, we can find it using the nslookup command
InputPython!nslookup google.comCopied
Output
Server: 127.0.0.53Address: 127.0.0.53#53Non-authoritative answer:Name: google.comAddress: 142.250.185.14Name: google.comAddress: 2a00:1450:4003:808::200e
This tells us that Google's IPv4 is 172.217.168.174 and its IPv6 is 2a00:1450:4003:803::200e
Information about our network with netstats
The last useful command is netstats; this command gives us the status of our network, and with the -i flag it returns our network interfaces
InputPython!netstat -iCopied
Output
Tabla de la interfaz del nΓΊcleoIface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgbr-470e5 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMUdocker0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMUenp6s0 1500 148385 0 2182 0 106135 0 0 0 BMRUlo 65536 11674 0 0 0 11674 0 0 0 LRUwlp5s0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
DNS queries with dig
With the dig <domain> command, we can perform DNS queries; for example, let's make a query to Google
InputPython!dig google.comCopied
Output
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> google.com;; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 20527;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494;; QUESTION SECTION:;google.com. IN A;; ANSWER SECTION:google.com. 283 IN A 142.250.184.14;; Query time: 8 msec;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53);; WHEN: dom sep 24 01:32:07 CEST 2023;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55
Can it be seen
;; ANSWER SECTION:
google.com. 283 IN A 142.250.184.14Therefore, the query has given us Google's IP address
We can query a particular DNS server with dig @<DNS server> <domain>
InputPython!dig @1.1.1.1 google.comCopied
Output
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> @1.1.1.1 google.com; (1 server found);; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 15633;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0;; QUESTION SECTION:;google.com. IN A;; ANSWER SECTION:google.com. 190 IN A 142.250.184.14;; Query time: 8 msec;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1);; WHEN: dom sep 24 01:33:40 CEST 2023;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 44
We have made the same query, but we have made it to Cloudflare's DNS
Compressing files
Before compressing and decompressing, let's see what we're going to compress. First, we print our path and list the files.
InputPython!pwd; ls -lCopied
Output
/home/wallabot/Documentos/web/portafolio/posts/pruebatotal 332-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
Let's create a new folder and copy everything inside the current folder into it
InputPython!mkdir tocompress; cp * tocompress; ls -lCopied
Output
cp: -r not specified; omitting directory 'tocompress'total 336-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4096 dic 6 01:52 tocompress
As we can see, everything has been copied except the tocompress folder itself, since we did not include the -r flag in the cp command. But what happened is what we wanted
Compress with tar
The first command we are going to use to compress is tar, to which we are going to add the -c flag for compress, -v for verbose, so that it shows us what it is doing, and the -f flag for file, and then the name we want the compressed file to have and the name of the file we want to compress
InputPython!tar -cvf tocompress.tar tocompressCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 676-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4096 dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 348160 dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar
We see that it has created the file tocompress.tar
Now we are going to repeat the process, but adding the -z flag. This compresses in the gzip format, which is a more efficient compression algorithm
InputPython!tar -cvzf tocompress.tar.gz tocompressCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
As can be seen, the file tocompress.tar takes up 340 kB, while the file tocompress.tar.gz takes up only 52 kB
Now we are going to decompress the files. To decompress, the same command is used, only changing the -c flag to the -x flag
First, we delete the original folder
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
We unzip
InputPython!tar -xvf tocompress.tarCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
We do the same with gzip
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
InputPython!tar -xvzf tocompress.tar.gzCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
Compress with zip
Another command to compress with zip; to compress, you only need to add the -r flag (recursive), the name you want the compressed file to have, and the file you want to compress.
InputPython!zip -r tocompress.zip tocompressCopied
Output
adding: tocompress/ (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/lista.txt (deflated 23%)adding: tocompress/dot.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/google.html (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/index.html (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/Abc (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/google2.html (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/dot2.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/secuential.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/index.html.1 (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/file.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/datos1 (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb (deflated 85%)adding: tocompress/datos123 (stored 0%)
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 792K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 64K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.zip
To decompress, the unzip command is used followed by the name of the file I want to decompress. First, we delete the tocompress folder
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
InputPython!unzip tocompress.zipCopied
Output
Archive: tocompress.zipcreating: tocompress/inflating: tocompress/lista.txtextracting: tocompress/dot.txtinflating: tocompress/google.htmlextracting: tocompress/index.htmlextracting: tocompress/Abcinflating: tocompress/google2.htmlextracting: tocompress/dot2.txtextracting: tocompress/secuential.txtinflating: tocompress/index.html.1extracting: tocompress/file.txtextracting: tocompress/datos1inflating: tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbextracting: tocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 792K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 64K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.zip
Background and foreground processes
Pause a process and send it to the background with CTRL+Z
When we run a process in the terminal, it may not stop running and we may want to keep using the terminal. To solve this, we can move the process to the background by pressing CTRL+Z
For example, I can ping myself, without specifying the number of attempts, so this will keep running until I stop the process by pressing CTRL+C
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms^C--- localhost ping statistics ---6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5127msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.024/0.027/0.036/0.004 ms
However, if what we want is to pause the process for a moment so we can keep using the terminal, we need to press Ctrl+Z
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.028 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.017 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms^Z[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
As indicated, the process has been stopped; it is not running while I move it to the background
View background processes with jobs
To see which processes are running in the background, we have two commands; on the one hand, we can use jobs
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
jobs[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
This command gives us the process and the job number. This number will be the one we need to use to bring the process to the foreground
View background processes with ps
Another command we can use is ps (processes)
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD16232 pts/3 00:00:00 bash17070 pts/3 00:00:00 ping18376 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
This command not only gives us information about the processes running in the background, but also about all the processes that are running in the terminal.
It is important to emphasize that if we open a new terminal and use any of these commands, it will not give us the ping information, since we executed it in another terminal
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD18993 pts/2 00:00:00 bash19290 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
As we can see, jobs does not return anything because there is no background process in this terminal, and ps only returns the information for bash (the terminal itself) and the ps command that was launched
Bring a process from the background to the foreground
To bring a process to the foreground, you have to use the fg command. If you want to bring back the last one that was sent to the background, just typing fg is enough; otherwise, you have to specify the job number.
Let's go back to reviewing the processes we had in the background
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
We can bring this process to the foreground simply by typing fg or by specifying the job number with fg %1
InputPython!fg %1Copied
Output
ping localhost64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=0.032 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.045 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=0.035 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=11 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
Run a process directly in the background
Let's relaunch the Firefox browser now by typing firefox in the terminal and pressing CTRL+Z to send it to the background
InputPython!firefoxCopied
Output
[GFX1-]: glxtest: VA-API test failed: failed to initialise VAAPI connection.[2022-11-29T06:16:17Z ERROR glean_core::metrics::ping] Invalid reason code startup for ping background-update^Z[1]+ Detenido firefox
As we can see, it says that the process has been stopped, so if we now want to browse with Firefox, we cannot, since it is stopped.
To launch Firefox and keep it running in the background so it doesn't block the terminal, you need to add an & at the end of the command
InputPython!firefox &Copied
Output
[1] 23663$ [GFX1-]: glxtest: VA-API test failed: failed to initialise VAAPI connection.[2022-11-29T06:19:40Z ERROR glean_core::metrics::ping] Invalid reason code startup for ping background-update$
Now we launch Firefox, it gives us its job number, and it stays running in the background.
In fact, if we now look at the processes, we can see that the state of Firefox is *Running*
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Ejecutando firefox &
Terminate a process that is running in the background
As we have Firefox running in the background, if we want it to finish, we have to use kill and the job number of the process. We are going to use jobs to see Firefoxβs job number
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Ejecutando firefox &
Your job number is 1, so we use that number to finish the process.
InputPython!kill %1Copied
Output
It doesnβt respond to us at all, but if we use jobs again to view the background processes
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Terminado firefox
We can see that it tells us Firefox has finished; if we run jobs again, nothing will appear.
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
Background processes independent of the terminal
So far we have seen how to run background processes dependent on the terminal, which means that if we send a process to the background and close the terminal, it will send an end message to all the processes in its background and they will terminate
But there are times when we want the process to stay in the background, be able to close the terminal, open another one, and recover that process; for that, we will use tmux, which is a terminal multiplexer.
It may already be installed, so to install it you need to enter the following:
sudo apt install tmuxOnce installed, we can create a new tmux session using tmux new -s <name>
tmux new -s session1This will open a new terminal for us, which is actually a tmux session
Within it we can launch a process, for example a ping to ourselves
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
Can we close that terminal
If we open a new one, we can see all the open tmux sessions with the tmux ls command
InputPython!tmux lsCopied
Output
session1: 1 windows (created Tue Nov 29 08:15:22 2022)
And we can enter a session using the tmux command, followed by a (attach), -t (tag), and the session name
InputPython!tmux a -t session1Copied
Output
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=146 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=147 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=148 ttl=64 time=0.026 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=149 ttl=64 time=0.013 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=150 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=151 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms
As we can see, we have recovered the ping from before
When we are inside a session, we can exit it (killing it) by typing CTRL+D or by typing exit
Process Management
To manage the processes of our system, we have several options
Process manager ps
As we have seen before, ps gives us the processes that are running in our terminal. For example, we run a process in the background and see the processes with ps
InputPython!firefox &Copied
Output
[1] 50555
We now look at the processes
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD36660 pts/3 00:00:00 bash50555 pts/3 00:00:02 firefox50613 pts/3 00:00:00 Socket Process50635 pts/3 00:00:00 Privileged Cont50683 pts/3 00:00:00 WebExtensions50741 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50743 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50748 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50840 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
Once we know its PID, we can kill the process
InputPython!kill 50555Copied
Output
We now see the processes
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD36660 pts/3 00:00:00 bash51132 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
But as we have said, the downside of ps is that it only shows the processes from its terminal
To show all the system processes, we need to add aux
InputPythonterminal("ps aux", max_lines_output=10)Copied
Output
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMANDroot 1 0.2 0.0 169936 13172 ? Ss 23:06 0:01 /sbin/init splashroot 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 23:06 0:00 [kthreadd]root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [rcu_gp]root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [rcu_par_gp]root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [netns]root 7 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [kworker/0:1H-events_highpri]root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 23:06 0:00 [rcu_tasks_rude_]...wallabot 11094 0.0 0.2 1184730916 65900 ? Sl 23:19 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=76 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=781545948 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 11428 0.3 0.2 38136100 75812 ? Sl 23:21 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/markdown-language-features/server/dist/node/main --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508root 11508 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I 23:21 0:00 [kworker/4:1-events]wallabot 11683 0.0 0.0 14192 3380 ? R 23:22 0:00 ps aux
Now, if what I want is to search only for the processes that are running under my user, I can do it by creating a pipe and searching with grep
InputPython!ps aux | grep wallabotCopied
Output
avahi 802 0.0 0.0 8536 3912 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [wallabot.local]wallabot 1153 0.0 0.0 19856 10624 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd --userwallabot 1154 0.0 0.0 170004 3680 ? S 23:06 0:00 (sd-pam)wallabot 1159 0.1 0.0 2569384 22808 ? S<sl 23:06 0:01 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journalwallabot 1161 0.1 0.1 591424 37248 ? SNsl 23:06 0:02 /usr/libexec/tracker-miner-fswallabot 1164 0.0 0.0 390744 8664 ? SLl 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --daemonize --loginwallabot 1168 0.0 0.0 166804 6616 tty2 Ssl+ 23:06 0:00 /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm-x-session --run-script env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu /usr/bin/gnome-session --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1173 0.0 0.0 8904 6012 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation --syslog-onlywallabot 1181 0.0 0.0 242628 7884 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsdwallabot 1196 0.0 0.0 378348 5544 ? Sl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-fuse /run/user/1000/gvfs -f -o big_writeswallabot 1203 0.0 0.0 316896 9540 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitorwallabot 1209 0.0 0.0 319540 8920 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-afc-volume-monitorwallabot 1215 0.0 0.0 238612 5476 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-mtp-volume-monitorwallabot 1220 0.0 0.0 239456 6988 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-goa-volume-monitorwallabot 1224 0.0 0.2 707176 69244 ? SLl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/goa-daemonwallabot 1231 0.0 0.0 317692 9068 ? Sl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/goa-identity-servicewallabot 1237 0.0 0.0 240888 6244 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitorwallabot 1308 0.0 0.0 190872 13688 tty2 Sl+ 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-session-binary --systemd --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1375 0.0 0.0 6040 452 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent /usr/bin/im-launch env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu /usr/bin/gnome-session --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1394 0.0 0.0 305428 6572 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher...wallabot 8911 0.0 0.2 38136100 70604 ? Sl 23:10 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/json-language-features/server/dist/node/jsonServerMain --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508wallabot 8932 0.0 0.0 13648 5412 pts/0 Ss+ 23:10 0:00 /usr/bin/bash --init-file /usr/share/code/resources/app/out/vs/workbench/contrib/terminal/browser/media/shellIntegration-bash.shwallabot 9112 0.0 0.1 816596 50392 ? Ssl 23:10 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-serverwallabot 9120 0.0 0.0 13628 5212 pts/1 Ss+ 23:10 0:00 bashwallabot 10927 0.0 0.3 1184807108 117996 ? Sl 23:19 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=72 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=743183717 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 11428 0.1 0.2 38136100 74884 ? Sl 23:21 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/markdown-language-features/server/dist/node/main --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508wallabot 12009 0.0 0.2 1184730916 65832 ? Sl 23:24 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=80 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=1081580044 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 12109 0.0 0.0 2616 596 pts/2 Ss+ 23:25 0:00 /usr/bin/sh -c ps aux | grep wallabotwallabot 12110 0.0 0.0 14192 3560 pts/2 R+ 23:25 0:00 ps auxwallabot 12111 0.0 0.0 11668 660 pts/2 S+ 23:25 0:00 grep wallabot
Process handler top
With top we can see all the processes of the operating system. It will show us the information with less, so, just as explained before, when you want to stop top, entering q will stop it
InputPython!topCopied
Output
top - 09:31:32 up 3:21, 1 user, load average: 2,42, 2,79, 2,48Tareas: 382 total, 1 ejecutar, 381 hibernar, 0 detener, 0 zombie%Cpu(s): 14,2 usuario, 1,5 sist, 0,0 adecuado, 84,3 inact, 0,0 en espera, 0,MiB Mem : 32006,4 total, 20281,8 libre, 6229,0 usado, 5495,6 bΓΊfer/cachΓ©MiB Intercambio: 2048,0 total, 2048,0 libre, 0,0 usado. 24979,1 disponPID USUARIO PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM HORA+ ORDEN10192 wallabot 20 0 3347636 388848 84140 S 137,5 1,2 282:24.59 python44161 wallabot 20 0 30,2g 217208 100148 S 12,5 0,7 0:40.92 spotify76 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 6,2 0,0 0:00.12 ksoftir+1105 root -51 0 0 0 0 S 6,2 0,0 2:54.29 irq/125+43990 wallabot 20 0 3998836 246260 145800 S 6,2 0,8 0:53.69 spotify44101 wallabot 20 0 1995108 130316 89848 S 6,2 0,4 0:08.34 spotify51510 wallabot 20 0 14876 4088 3288 R 6,2 0,0 0:00.01 top1 root 20 0 169736 13188 8380 S 0,0 0,0 0:01.51 systemd2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 kthreadd3 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_gp4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_par+5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 netns7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 kworker+9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.03 kworker+10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 mm_perc+11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+12 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+
As can be seen, PID 44161 is Spotify, which I am currently using to play music, but we had not seen it with ps
As before, if we want to kill a process, we must enter kill and its PID
The good thing about top is that it gives us many more utilities; if we press h it will show us the help
InputPython!hCopied
Output
Help for Interactive Commands - procps-ng 3.3.16Window 1:Def: Cumulative mode Apagado. System: Delay 3,0 secs; Secure mode ApagZ,B,E,e Global: 'Z' colors; 'B' bold; 'E'/'e' summary/task memory scalel,t,m Toggle Summary: 'l' load avg; 't' task/cpu stats; 'm' memory info0,1,2,3,I Toggle: '0' zeros; '1/2/3' cpus or numa node views; 'I' Irix modef,F,X Fields: 'f'/'F' add/remove/order/sort; 'X' increase fixed-widthL,&,<,> . Locate: 'L'/'&' find/again; Move sort column: '<'/'>' left/rightR,H,J,C . Toggle: 'R' Sort; 'H' Threads; 'J' Num justify; 'C' Coordinatesc,i,S,j . Toggle: 'c' Cmd name/line; 'i' Idle; 'S' Time; 'j' Str justifyx,y . Toggle highlights: 'x' sort field; 'y' running tasksz,b . Toggle: 'z' color/mono; 'b' bold/reverse (only if 'x' or 'y')u,U,o,O . Filter by: 'u'/'U' effective/any user; 'o'/'O' other criterian,#,^O . Set: 'n'/'#' max tasks displayed; Show: Ctrl+'O' other filter(s)V,v . Toggle: 'V' forest view; 'v' hide/show forest view childrenk,r Gestiona tareas: Β«kΒ» detener; Β«rΒ» reiniciard o s Establece intervalo de actualizaciΓ³nW,Y Write configuration file 'W'; Inspect other output 'Y'q Quit( commands shown with '.' require a visible task display window )Press 'h' or '?' for help with Windows,Type 'q' or <Esc> to continue
To exit, press ESC or q
As shown in the help, if we enter u we can filter by user, we enter my user (wallabot) and I can see only my processes
InputPython!uCopied
Output
top - 09:35:57 up 3:25, 1 user, load average: 1,02, 2,27, 2,39Tareas: 378 total, 1 ejecutar, 377 hibernar, 0 detener, 0 zombie%Cpu(s): 13,4 usuario, 0,4 sist, 0,0 adecuado, 86,1 inact, 0,1 en espera, 0,MiB Mem : 32006,4 total, 20288,0 libre, 6212,0 usado, 5506,4 bΓΊfer/cachΓ©MiB Intercambio: 2048,0 total, 2048,0 libre, 0,0 usado. 24989,1 disponPID USUARIO PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM HORA+ ORDEN10192 wallabot 20 0 3347636 388848 84140 S 148,2 1,2 288:46.50 python43990 wallabot 20 0 3998836 246552 146092 S 2,7 0,8 0:59.55 spotify1384 wallabot 20 0 4909848 453700 133164 S 1,7 1,4 11:14.02 gnome-s+1119 wallabot 9 -11 3093876 24504 17836 S 1,3 0,1 0:48.99 pulseau+32462 wallabot 20 0 1134,0g 643412 128632 S 1,3 2,0 7:39.91 chrome44161 wallabot 20 0 30,2g 217112 100488 S 1,3 0,7 0:44.87 spotify10135 wallabot 20 0 826220 58164 41648 S 1,0 0,2 0:14.56 gnome-t+6635 wallabot 20 0 33,0g 647936 436252 S 0,3 2,0 4:01.80 chrome6679 wallabot 20 0 32,4g 125564 94016 S 0,3 0,4 0:52.19 chrome8010 wallabot 20 0 1130,9g 232800 116092 S 0,3 0,7 0:13.70 chrome44101 wallabot 20 0 1995108 130444 89916 S 0,3 0,4 0:09.19 spotify1113 wallabot 20 0 19880 10528 8096 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.38 systemd1114 wallabot 20 0 169792 3636 12 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 (sd-pam)1121 wallabot 39 19 591436 37256 16676 S 0,0 0,1 0:03.19 tracker+1124 wallabot 20 0 390740 8688 7416 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.45 gnome-k+1128 wallabot 20 0 166804 6596 5956 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 gdm-x-s+1134 wallabot 20 0 9152 6144 3796 S 0,0 0,0 0:01.81 dbus-da+
Another way to look at this in order to filter by user would be to make a pipeline and use grep
InputPython!top | grep wallabotCopied
Output
1440 wallabot 20 0 4684708 505432 118024 S 6,7 1,5 2:05.92 gnome-s+25326 wallabot 20 0 1133,0g 527912 123732 S 1,7 1,6 1:31.73 chrome1440 wallabot 20 0 4684708 505476 118024 S 1,3 1,5 2:05.96 gnome-s+6199 wallabot 20 0 1131,0g 266068 116164 S 0,3 0,8 0:15.23 chrome17606 wallabot 20 0 818228 52096 39488 S 0,3 0,2 0:02.59 gnome-t+34284 wallabot 20 0 14876 4376 3308 R 0,3 0,0 0:00.02 top
htop process manager
It's similar to top but more powerful
You probably don't have it installed, so to install it, enter the command
sudo apt install htopo
sudo snap install htopglances process manager
It is similar to top but more powerful
You probably don't have it installed, so to install it, enter the command
sudo apt install glances---
β‘οΈ **Continue in Part 3: system administration**, where you will manage resources, packages, users, and security like a professional.
