Na primeira parte aprendemos a nos mover pela terminal, gerenciar arquivos e diretórios, as permissões, os redirecionamentos e a busca. Neste segundo capítulo damos o salto para as **utilidades de rede**, a **compressão de arquivos** e o **gerenciamento de processos**.
Aviso: Este post foi traduzido para o português usando um modelo de tradução automática. Por favor, me avise se encontrar algum erro.
📚 **Esta entrada faz parte da série _Introdução ao terminal_**, dividida em três capítulos que se lêem em ordem:
> * Parte 1: Navegação, arquivos y comandos
* 👉 **Parte 2: Rede, compressão e processos**
* Parte 3: Administração do sistema
Utilidades de rede
Informações das interfaces de rede com ifconfig
O primeiro comando será ifconfig, que nos mostra informações das nossas interfaces de rede.
InputPython!ifconfigCopied
Output
br-470e52ae2708: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 172.18.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.18.255.255ether 02:42:ac:d0:b9:eb txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0docker0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 172.17.0.1 netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 172.17.255.255ether 02:42:5d:15:1c:e9 txqueuelen 0 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0enp6s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 192.168.1.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255inet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 144369 bytes 123807349 (123.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 2056 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 100672 bytes 55678042 (55.6 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>loop txqueuelen 1000 (Bucle local)RX packets 10748 bytes 1832545 (1.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 10748 bytes 1832545 (1.8 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0wlp5s0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500ether 4c:77:cb:1d:66:cc txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Como vemos, temos as informações de todas as interfaces de rede do meu computador, mas se eu quiser saber apenas a de uma, ela é especificada adicionando seu nome
InputPython!ifconfig enp6s0Copied
Output
enp6s0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500inet 192.168.1.144 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255inet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)RX packets 144467 bytes 123842258 (123.8 MB)RX errors 0 dropped 2060 overruns 0 frame 0TX packets 100786 bytes 55749109 (55.7 MB)TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Informações das interfaces de rede com ip
Outra maneira de obter as informações das nossas interfaces de rede é por meio do comando ip, adicionando a ele nos dá as informações de todas as interfaces
InputPython!ip aCopied
Output
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lovalid_lft forever preferred_lft foreverinet6 ::1/128 scope hostvalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: enp6s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000link/ether 24:4b:fe:5c:f6:59 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 192.168.1.144/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp6s0valid_lft 80218sec preferred_lft 80218secinet6 fe80::7dc2:6944:3fbe:c18e/64 scope link noprefixroutevalid_lft forever preferred_lft forever3: wlp5s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 4c:77:cb:1d:66:cc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff4: br-470e52ae2708: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group defaultlink/ether 02:42:ac:d0:b9:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 172.18.0.1/16 brd 172.18.255.255 scope global br-470e52ae2708valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever5: docker0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group defaultlink/ether 02:42:5d:15:1c:e9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ffinet 172.17.0.1/16 brd 172.17.255.255 scope global docker0valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Teste de comunicações com ping
Outro comando útil é ping, que nos pode servir para ver se temos conexão com uma determinada IP. Por exemplo, a IP do Google é 142.250.200.78, por isso fazemos ping para ver se nos responde. O comando ping no Linux faz pings sem parar, por isso nunca termina até que o interrompamos; para que isso não aconteça, adicionamos a flag -c e o número de tentativas
InputPython!ping 142.250.200.132 -c 4Copied
Output
PING 142.250.200.132 (142.250.200.132) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=3.46 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.77 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=2.81 ms64 bytes from 142.250.200.132: icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=2.86 ms--- 142.250.200.132 ping statistics ---4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.812/3.227/3.773/0.405 ms
O mesmo teria acontecido se o tivéssemos feito diretamente em google.com
InputPython!ping www.google.com -c 4Copied
Output
PING www.google.com (142.250.200.132) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=2.74 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=3.96 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=3.56 ms64 bytes from mad41s14-in-f4.1e100.net (142.250.200.132): icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=2.87 ms--- www.google.com ping statistics ---4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.741/3.283/3.962/0.499 ms
Baixar arquivos-fonte com curl
Podemos obter um arquivo de texto de um endereço dado por meio do comando curl, por exemplo, podemos baixar o HTML do Google
InputPython!curl https://www.google.comCopied
Output
<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="es"><head><meta content="Google.es permite acceder a la informaci�n mundial en castellano, catal�n, gallego, euskara e ingl�s." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script nonce="zXcc4tMJWBRoE7q_o_Z2fQ">(function(){window.google={kEI:'M5GOY6PeLr-jkdUP1pir0AE',kEXPI:'0,1359409,6059,206,4804,2316,383,246,5,5367,1123753,1197713,688,380089,16115,28684,22430,1362,12312,17587,4998,13228,3847,10622,22741,5081,1593,1279,2742,149,1103,840,1983,214,4100,3514,606,2023,2297,14670,3227,2845,7,4773,28997,1850,15757,3,346,230,6459,149,13975,4,1528,2304,7039,27731,7357,13658,4437,16786,5815,2542,4094,4052,3,3541,1,14262,27892,2,14022,6248,19490,5680,1021,2380,28741,4569,6255,23421,1252,5835,14967,4333,7484,11406,15676,8155,7381,15970,873,14804,1,4828,7,1922,5784,12208,10330,587,12192,4832,26504,5796,3,14433,3890,751,13384,1499,3,679,1622,1779,1886,338,1627,1119,6,8909,80,243,458,3438,1763,722,1020,813,91,1133,10,280,2306,44,77,1420,3,562,402,314,275,2095,440,399,138,384,1033,334,2667,2,723,444,79,403,501,929,3,785,2,240,78,2022,284,196,732,175,342,244,617,335,1,841,1275,14,979,57,857,446,2,1900,838,251,227,50,21,8,3,442,57,40,936,697,773,95,121,643,1502,163,355,702,195,1,452,50,334,687,109,1,19,109,134,546,80,5,36,124,68,135,131,415,47,27,266,563,48,231,742,15,527,2,6,495,1,495,5,62,1627,441,262,5,3,648,3,6,4,13,39,538,792,337,9,115,98,180,148,308,401,1240,2,726,243,2044,5286450,84,19,32,115,11,70,5995534,2803414,3311,141,795,19735,1,1,346,1755,1004,41,342,1,189,14,1,10,8,1,5,4,2,1,3,2,2,1,3,1,3,1,4,3,1,3,2,2,23947076,511,21,11,4041599,1964,1007,2087,13579,3102,303,5595,11,3835,3637,2623,9,136,1524825',kBL:'p9Xv'};google.sn='webhp';google.kHL='es';})();(function(){var 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a{padding:0 3px;}.H6sW5{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;white-space:nowrap}.z4hgWe{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px}</style><div id="SIvCob">Ofrecido por Google en: <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=ca&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAU">catal�</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=gl&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAY">galego</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_vwUKUD2Xhro4NnrueK1hCfItt30%3D&amp;hl=eu&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjjw_C44uP7AhW_UaQEHVbMChoQ2ZgBCAc">euskara</a> </div></div></div><span id="footer"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div style="margin:19px auto;text-align:center" id="WqQANb"><a href="http://www.google.es/intl/es/services/">Soluciones Empresariales</a><a href="/intl/es/about.html">Todo acerca de Google</a><a 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u='/xjs/_/js/k=xjs.hp.en.9b-uVUIpJU8.O/am=AADoBABQAGAB/d=1/ed=1/rs=ACT90oG-6KYVksw4jxVvNcwan406xE6qVw/m=sb_he,d';var amd=0;var d=this||self,e=function(a){return a};var g;var l=function(a,b){this.g=b===h?a:""};l.prototype.toString=function(){return this.g+""};var h={};function m(){var a=u;google.lx=function(){p(a);google.lx=function(){}};google.bx||google.lx()}function p(a){google.timers&&google.timers.load&&google.tick&&google.tick("load","xjsls");var b=document;var c="SCRIPT";"application/xhtml+xml"===b.contentType&&(c=c.toLowerCase());c=b.createElement(c);if(void 0===g){b=null;var k=d.trustedTypes;if(k&&k.createPolicy){try{b=k.createPolicy("goog#html",{createHTML:e,createScript:e,createScriptURL:e})}catch(q){d.console&&d.console.error(q.message)}g=b}else g=b}a=(b=g)?b.createScriptURL(a):a;a=new l(a,h);c.src=a instanceof l&&a.constructor===l?a.g:"type_error:TrustedResourceUrl";var f,n;(f=(a=null==(n=(f=(c.ownerDocument&&c.ownerDocument.defaultView||window).document).querySelector)?void 0:n.call(f,"script[nonce]"))?a.nonce||a.getAttribute("nonce")||"":"")&&c.setAttribute("nonce",f);document.body.appendChild(c);google.psa=!0};google.xjsu=u;setTimeout(function(){0<amd?google.caft(function(){return m()},amd):m()},0);})();function _DumpException(e){throw e;}function _F_installCss(c){}(function(){google.jl={blt:'none',chnk:0,dw:false,dwu:true,emtn:0,end:0,ico:false,ikb:0,ine:false,injs:'none',injt:0,injth:0,injv2:false,lls:'default',pdt:0,rep:0,snet:true,strt:0,ubm:false,uwp:true};})();(function(){var pmc='{"d":{},"sb_he":{"agen":true,"cgen":true,"client":"heirloom-hp","dh":true,"ds":"","fl":true,"host":"google.com","jsonp":true,"lm":true,"msgs":{"cibl":"Borrar b�squeda","dym":"Quiz�s quisiste decir:","lcky":"Voy a tener suerte","lml":"M�s informaci�n","psrc":"Esta b�squeda se ha eliminado de tu \u003Ca href=\"/history\"\u003Ehistorial web\u003C/a\u003E.","psrl":"Eliminar","sbit":"Buscar por imagen","srch":"Buscar con Google"},"ovr":{},"pq":"","rfs":[],"sbas":"0 3px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2),0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.08)","stok":"gh8wSanWNWQy8f-PH0wGTjDkvYQ"}}';google.pmc=JSON.parse(pmc);})();</script> </body></html>
Também podemos fazer um pipeline para salvá-lo em um arquivo
InputPython!curl https://www.google.com > google.htmlCopied
Output
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time CurrentDload Upload Total Spent Left Speed100 15168 0 15168 0 0 135k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 137k
Agora podemos ver se foi salvo corretamente
InputPython!cat google.htmlCopied
Output
<!doctype html><html itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" lang="es"><head><meta content="Google.es permite acceder a la informaci�n mundial en castellano, catal�n, gallego, euskara e ingl�s." name="description"><meta content="noodp" name="robots"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><meta content="/images/branding/googleg/1x/googleg_standard_color_128dp.png" itemprop="image"><title>Google</title><script 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f=this||self;var h,k=[];function l(a){for(var b;a&&(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute("eid")));)a=a.parentNode;return b||h}function m(a){for(var b=null;a&&(!a.getAttribute||!(b=a.getAttribute("leid")));)a=a.parentNode;return b}function n(a,b,c,d,g){var e="";c||-1!==b.search("&ei=")||(e="&ei="+l(d),-1===b.search("&lei=")&&(d=m(d))&&(e+="&lei="+d));d="";!c&&f._cshid&&-1===b.search("&cshid=")&&"slh"!==a&&(d="&cshid="+f._cshid);c=c||"/"+(g||"gen_204")+"?atyp=i&ct="+a+"&cad="+b+e+"&zx="+Date.now()+d;/^http:/i.test(c)&&"https:"===window.location.protocol&&(google.ml&&google.ml(Error("a"),!1,{src:c,glmm:1}),c="");return c};h=google.kEI;google.getEI=l;google.getLEI=m;google.ml=function(){return null};google.log=function(a,b,c,d,g){if(c=n(a,b,c,d,g)){a=new Image;var e=k.length;k[e]=a;a.onerror=a.onload=a.onabort=function(){delete k[e]};a.src=c}};google.logUrl=n;}).call(this);(function(){google.y={};google.sy=[];google.x=function(a,b){if(a)var c=a.id;else{do 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c="/gen_204?atyp=i&ei="+b(google.kEI);google.kEXPI&&(c+="&jexpid="+b(google.kEXPI));c+="&srcpg="+b(google.sn)+"&jsr="+b(t.jsr)+"&bver="+b(t.bv);var f=a.lineNumber;void 0!==f&&(c+="&line="+f);var g=a.fileName;g&&(0<g.indexOf("-extension:/")&&(e=3),c+="&script="+b(g),f&&g===window.location.href&&(f=document.documentElement.outerHTML.split(" ")[f],c+="&cad="+b(f?f.substring(0,300):"No script found.")));c+="&jsel="+e;for(var u in d)c+="&",c+=b(u),c+="=",c+=b(d[u]);c=c+"&emsg="+b(a.name+": "+a.message);c=c+"&jsst="+b(a.stack||"N/A");12288<=c.length&&(c=c.substr(0,12288));a=c;m||google.log(0,"",a);return a};window.onerror=function(a,b,d,m,e){r!==a&&(a=e instanceof Error?e:Error(a),void 0===d||"lineNumber"in a||(a.lineNumber=d),void 0===b||"fileName"in a||(a.fileName=b),google.ml(a,!1,void 0,!1,"SyntaxError"===a.name||"SyntaxError"===a.message.substring(0,11)||-1!==a.message.indexOf("Script error")?3:0));r=null;p&&q>=l&&(window.onerror=null)};})();</script></head><body bgcolor="#fff"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var src='/images/nav_logo229.png';var iesg=false;document.body.onload = function(){window.n && window.n();if (document.images){new Image().src=src;}if (!iesg){document.f&&document.f.q.focus();document.gbqf&&document.gbqf.q.focus();}}})();</script><div id="mngb"><div id=gbar><nobr><b class=gb1>B�squeda</b> <a class=gb1 href="https://www.google.es/imghp?hl=es&tab=wi">Im�genes</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.es/maps?hl=es&tab=wl">Maps</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=es&tab=w8">Play</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=w1">YouTube</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=wn">Noticias</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=wm">Gmail</a> <a class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=wo">Drive</a> <a class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.es/intl/es/about/products?tab=wh"><u>M�s</u> &raquo;</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn 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name="bih" type="hidden"><div class="ds" style="height:32px;margin:4px 0"><input class="lst" style="margin:0;padding:5px 8px 0 6px;vertical-align:top;color:#000" autocomplete="off" value="" title="Buscar con Google" maxlength="2048" name="q" size="57"></div><br style="line-height:0"><span class="ds"><span class="lsbb"><input class="lsb" value="Buscar con Google" name="btnG" type="submit"></span></span><span class="ds"><span class="lsbb"><input class="lsb" id="tsuid_1" value="Voy a tener suerte" name="btnI" type="submit"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var id='tsuid_1';document.getElementById(id).onclick = function(){if (this.form.q.value){this.checked = 1;if (this.form.iflsig)this.form.iflsig.disabled = false;}else top.location='/doodles/';};})();</script><input value="AJiK0e8AAAAAY46fV7gpXBHCT6KAebFZAqGv1l-4BtIR" name="iflsig" type="hidden"></span></span></td><td class="fl sblc" align="left" nowrap="" width="25%"><a href="/advanced_search?hl=es&amp;authuser=0">B�squeda avanzada</a></td></tr></table><input id="gbv" name="gbv" type="hidden" value="1"><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var a,b="1";if(document&&document.getElementById)if("undefined"!=typeof XMLHttpRequest)b="2";else if("undefined"!=typeof ActiveXObject){var c,d,e=["MSXML2.XMLHTTP.6.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0","MSXML2.XMLHTTP","Microsoft.XMLHTTP"];for(c=0;d=e[c++];)try{new ActiveXObject(d),b="2"}catch(h){}}a=b;if("2"==a&&-1==location.search.indexOf("&gbv=2")){var f=google.gbvu,g=document.getElementById("gbv");g&&(g.value=a);f&&window.setTimeout(function(){location.href=f},0)};}).call(this);</script></form><div id="gac_scont"></div><div style="font-size:83%;min-height:3.5em"><br><div id="gws-output-pages-elements-homepage_additional_languages__als"><style>#gws-output-pages-elements-homepage_additional_languages__als{font-size:small;margin-bottom:24px}#SIvCob{color:#3c4043;display:inline-block;line-height:28px;}#SIvCob a{padding:0 3px;}.H6sW5{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;white-space:nowrap}.z4hgWe{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px}</style><div id="SIvCob">Ofrecido por Google en: <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=ca&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAU">catal�</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=gl&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAY">galego</a> <a href="https://www.google.com/setprefs?sig=0_HljXEzVisqsnlJP1S5dx0Fao0Lw%3D&amp;hl=eu&amp;source=homepage&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiimaPC4uP7AhU3UKQEHXzFDBQQ2ZgBCAc">euskara</a> </div></div></div><span id="footer"><div style="font-size:10pt"><div style="margin:19px auto;text-align:center" id="WqQANb"><a href="http://www.google.es/intl/es/services/">Soluciones Empresariales</a><a href="/intl/es/about.html">Todo acerca de Google</a><a href="https://www.google.com/setprefdomain?prefdom=ES&amp;prev=https://www.google.es/&amp;sig=K_8O8QHBmoai9DOT5YZxMWevJK8VI%3D">Google.es</a></div></div><p style="font-size:8pt;color:#70757a">&copy; 2022 - <a href="/intl/es/policies/privacy/">Privacidad</a> - <a href="/intl/es/policies/terms/">T�rminos</a></p></span></center><script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){window.google.cdo={height:757,width:1440};(function(){var a=window.innerWidth,b=window.innerHeight;if(!a||!b){var c=window.document,d="CSS1Compat"==c.compatMode?c.documentElement:c.body;a=d.clientWidth;b=d.clientHeight}a&&b&&(a!=google.cdo.width||b!=google.cdo.height)&&google.log("","","/client_204?&atyp=i&biw="+a+"&bih="+b+"&ei="+google.kEI);}).call(this);})();</script> <script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){google.xjs={ck:'xjs.hp.oxai9SxkIQY.L.X.O',cs:'ACT90oEGh-_ImDfBjn6aD_ABGaOlD2MqVw',excm:[]};})();</script> <script nonce="Jo7WFU6XWWwu6NrdwaRyIw">(function(){var u='/xjs/_/js/k=xjs.hp.en.9b-uVUIpJU8.O/am=AADoBABQAGAB/d=1/ed=1/rs=ACT90oG-6KYVksw4jxVvNcwan406xE6qVw/m=sb_he,d';var amd=0;var d=this||self,e=function(a){return a};var g;var l=function(a,b){this.g=b===h?a:""};l.prototype.toString=function(){return this.g+""};var h={};function m(){var a=u;google.lx=function(){p(a);google.lx=function(){}};google.bx||google.lx()}function p(a){google.timers&&google.timers.load&&google.tick&&google.tick("load","xjsls");var b=document;var c="SCRIPT";"application/xhtml+xml"===b.contentType&&(c=c.toLowerCase());c=b.createElement(c);if(void 0===g){b=null;var k=d.trustedTypes;if(k&&k.createPolicy){try{b=k.createPolicy("goog#html",{createHTML:e,createScript:e,createScriptURL:e})}catch(q){d.console&&d.console.error(q.message)}g=b}else g=b}a=(b=g)?b.createScriptURL(a):a;a=new l(a,h);c.src=a instanceof l&&a.constructor===l?a.g:"type_error:TrustedResourceUrl";var f,n;(f=(a=null==(n=(f=(c.ownerDocument&&c.ownerDocument.defaultView||window).document).querySelector)?void 0:n.call(f,"script[nonce]"))?a.nonce||a.getAttribute("nonce")||"":"")&&c.setAttribute("nonce",f);document.body.appendChild(c);google.psa=!0};google.xjsu=u;setTimeout(function(){0<amd?google.caft(function(){return m()},amd):m()},0);})();function _DumpException(e){throw e;}function _F_installCss(c){}(function(){google.jl={blt:'none',chnk:0,dw:false,dwu:true,emtn:0,end:0,ico:false,ikb:0,ine:false,injs:'none',injt:0,injth:0,injv2:false,lls:'default',pdt:0,rep:0,snet:true,strt:0,ubm:false,uwp:true};})();(function(){var pmc='{"d":{},"sb_he":{"agen":true,"cgen":true,"client":"heirloom-hp","dh":true,"ds":"","fl":true,"host":"google.com","jsonp":true,"lm":true,"msgs":{"cibl":"Borrar b�squeda","dym":"Quiz�s quisiste decir:","lcky":"Voy a tener suerte","lml":"M�s informaci�n","psrc":"Esta b�squeda se ha eliminado de tu \u003Ca href=\"/history\"\u003Ehistorial web\u003C/a\u003E.","psrl":"Eliminar","sbit":"Buscar por imagen","srch":"Buscar con Google"},"ovr":{},"pq":"","rfs":[],"sbas":"0 3px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2),0 0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.08)","stok":"GYSMF2y7hymT0L3W0W4RPVIsSrU"}}';google.pmc=JSON.parse(pmc);})();</script> </body></html>
Baixar arquivos com wget
Outro comando parecido é wget, no entanto, ao contrário de curl, wget baixa o arquivo diretamente
InputPython!wget https://www.google.comCopied
Output
--2022-12-06 01:49:19-- https://www.google.com/Resolviendo www.google.com (www.google.com)... 142.250.200.68, 2a00:1450:4003:80c::2004Conectando con www.google.com (www.google.com)[142.250.200.68]:443... conectado.Petición HTTP enviada, esperando respuesta... 200 OKLongitud: no especificado [text/html]Guardando como: “index.html.1”index.html.1 [ <=> ] 14,76K --.-KB/s en 0,002s2022-12-06 01:49:19 (7,17 MB/s) - “index.html.1” guardado [15117]
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 316-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
Vemos que ele o salvou como index.html, que é como o Google o tem nomeado
Se quisermos que seja salvo com um nome específico, podemos usar a flag -O
InputPython!wget https://www.google.com -O google2.htmlCopied
Output
--2022-12-06 01:49:37-- https://www.google.com/Resolviendo www.google.com (www.google.com)... 142.250.200.68, 2a00:1450:4003:80c::2004Conectando con www.google.com (www.google.com)[142.250.200.68]:443... conectado.Petición HTTP enviada, esperando respuesta... 200 OKLongitud: no especificado [text/html]Guardando como: “google2.html”google2.html [ <=> ] 14,78K --.-KB/s en 0,003s2022-12-06 01:49:37 (5,27 MB/s) - “google2.html” guardado [15131]
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 332-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
Depuração da rota com traceroute
Um comando muito útil é ver a rota até um destino, para isso usamos traceroute, por exemplo, vamos ver todos os sites pelos quais tenho que passar para me conectar ao Google
InputPython!traceroute www.google.comCopied
Output
traceroute to www.google.com (142.250.200.68), 64 hops max1 192.168.1.1 0,435ms 0,154ms 0,133ms2 188.127.176.1 3,979ms 2,914ms 3,397ms3 10.15.0.77 3,600ms 3,914ms 2,669ms4 10.15.246.6 3,567ms 3,713ms 2,926ms5 * * *6 72.14.209.84 3,981ms 2,914ms 2,993ms7 * * *8 142.251.54.148 3,856ms 2,916ms 2,905ms9 142.250.200.68 2,908ms 2,949ms 3,037ms
Depuração da rota com mtr
Outra ferramenta de depuração é mtr, que é uma versão aprimorada de traceroute. Oferece informações de cada salto, como o tempo de resposta, a porcentagem de pacotes perdidos, etc.
InputPython!mtr -n maximofn.comCopied
Output
wallabot (192.168.178.144)Keys: Help Display mode Restart statistics Order of fields quitPackets PingsHost Loss% Snt Last Avg Best Wrst StDev1. 192.168.178.1 0.0% 345 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.02. 192.168.0.1 0.0% 344 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.03. (waiting for reply)4. 10.183.52.41 0.0% 344 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.05. 172.29.0.161 47.7% 344 2.3 3.1 3.1 23.1 0.06. (waiting for reply)7. 193.149.1.97 0.0% 344 3.6 3.6 3.6 38.6 0.08. (waiting for reply)9. 185.125.78.197 2.9% 344 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 0.0
Como se pode ver no salto 5, quase 50% dos pacotes são perdidos, então isso me serviria para ligar para minha operadora de telefonia e dizer que tente me encaminhar por outro caminho.
Nome da nossa máquina com hostname
Se quisermos saber o nome da nossa equipe, podemos usar hostname, o que é útil se quisermos nos conectar à nossa máquina a partir de outra.
InputPython!hostnameCopied
Output
wallabot
Informação de enlace de porta padrão com route -n
Se quisermos conhecer nosso gateway padrão, usamos o comando route -n
InputPython!route -nCopied
Output
Tabla de rutas IP del núcleoDestino Pasarela Genmask Indic Métric Ref Uso Interfaz0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 enp6s0169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 enp6s0172.17.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 docker0172.18.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 br-470e52ae2708192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 enp6s0
Informações do IP de um domínio com nslookup
Se quisermos saber o IP de algum domínio, podemos descobri-lo por meio do comando nslookup
InputPython!nslookup google.comCopied
Output
Server: 127.0.0.53Address: 127.0.0.53#53Non-authoritative answer:Name: google.comAddress: 142.250.185.14Name: google.comAddress: 2a00:1450:4003:808::200e
Isto nos diz que o IPv4 do Google é 172.217.168.174 e seu IPv6 é 2a00:1450:4003:803::200e
Informações da nossa rede com netstats
O último comando de utilidade é netstats, este comando nos dá o estado da nossa rede; além disso, com a flag -i ele nos retorna nossas interfaces de rede
InputPython!netstat -iCopied
Output
Tabla de la interfaz del núcleoIface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flgbr-470e5 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMUdocker0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMUenp6s0 1500 148385 0 2182 0 106135 0 0 0 BMRUlo 65536 11674 0 0 0 11674 0 0 0 LRUwlp5s0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
Consultas DNS com dig
Com o comando dig <dominio> podemos fazer consultas DNS, por exemplo, vamos fazer uma consulta ao Google
InputPython!dig google.comCopied
Output
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> google.com;; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 20527;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494;; QUESTION SECTION:;google.com. IN A;; ANSWER SECTION:google.com. 283 IN A 142.250.184.14;; Query time: 8 msec;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53);; WHEN: dom sep 24 01:32:07 CEST 2023;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55
Pode-se ver
;; SEÇÃO DE RESPOSTA:
google.com. 283 IN A 142.250.184.14Portanto, a consulta nos deu o IP do Google
Podemos fazer a consulta a um servidor DNS específico com dig @<servidor DNS> <domínio>
InputPython!dig @1.1.1.1 google.comCopied
Output
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> @1.1.1.1 google.com; (1 server found);; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 15633;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0;; QUESTION SECTION:;google.com. IN A;; ANSWER SECTION:google.com. 190 IN A 142.250.184.14;; Query time: 8 msec;; SERVER: 1.1.1.1#53(1.1.1.1);; WHEN: dom sep 24 01:33:40 CEST 2023;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 44
Fizemos a mesma consulta, mas a fizemos ao DNS da Cloudflare
Compactando arquivos
Antes de comprimir e descomprimir, vamos ver o que vamos comprimir. Primeiro, imprimimos nosso caminho e listamos os arquivos.
InputPython!pwd; ls -lCopied
Output
/home/wallabot/Documentos/web/portafolio/posts/pruebatotal 332-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txt
Vamos criar uma nova pasta e copiar tudo o que está dentro da pasta atual para ela
InputPython!mkdir tocompress; cp * tocompress; ls -lCopied
Output
cp: -r not specified; omitting directory 'tocompress'total 336-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4096 dic 6 01:52 tocompress
Como vemos, foi copiado tudo, exceto a própria pasta tocompress, já que não colocamos a flag -r no comando cp. Mas o que aconteceu foi exatamente o que queríamos
Comprimir com tar
O primeiro comando que vamos usar para comprimir é tar, ao qual vamos adicionar a flag -c de compress, -v de verbose, para que vá mostrando o que está fazendo, e a flag -f de file, e em seguida o nome que queremos que o arquivo comprimido tenha e o nome do arquivo que queremos comprimir
InputPython!tar -cvf tocompress.tar tocompressCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lCopied
Output
total 676-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 285898 dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15131 dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15168 dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15117 dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4096 dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 348160 dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar
Vemos que criou o arquivo tocompress.tar
Agora vamos repetir o processo, mas adicionando a flag -z. O que isso faz é comprimir no formato gzip, que é um algoritmo de compressão mais eficiente
InputPython!tar -cvzf tocompress.tar.gz tocompressCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
Como se pode ver, o arquivo tocompress.tar ocupa 340 kB, enquanto o arquivo tocompress.tar.gz ocupa apenas 52 kB
Agora vamos descompactar os arquivos. Para descompactar, usa-se o mesmo comando, só que trocando a flag -c pela flag -x
Primeiro, apagamos a pasta original
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
Descompactamos
InputPython!tar -xvf tocompress.tarCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
Fazemos o mesmo com o gzip
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
InputPython!tar -xvzf tocompress.tar.gzCopied
Output
tocompress/tocompress/lista.txttocompress/dot.txttocompress/google.htmltocompress/index.htmltocompress/Abctocompress/google2.htmltocompress/dot2.txttocompress/secuential.txttocompress/index.html.1tocompress/file.txttocompress/datos1tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbtocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 728K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz
Compactar com zip
Outro comando para comprimir com zip; para compactar, basta adicionar a flag -r (recursive), o nome que queremos que o arquivo compactado tenha e o arquivo que queremos compactar
InputPython!zip -r tocompress.zip tocompressCopied
Output
adding: tocompress/ (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/lista.txt (deflated 23%)adding: tocompress/dot.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/google.html (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/index.html (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/Abc (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/google2.html (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/dot2.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/secuential.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/index.html.1 (deflated 56%)adding: tocompress/file.txt (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/datos1 (stored 0%)adding: tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb (deflated 85%)adding: tocompress/datos123 (stored 0%)
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 792K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 64K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.zip
Para descomprimir, usa-se o comando unzip seguido do nome do arquivo que quero descomprimir. Primeiro, apagamos a pasta tocompress
InputPython!rm -r tocompressCopied
InputPython!unzip tocompress.zipCopied
Output
Archive: tocompress.zipcreating: tocompress/inflating: tocompress/lista.txtextracting: tocompress/dot.txtinflating: tocompress/google.htmlextracting: tocompress/index.htmlextracting: tocompress/Abcinflating: tocompress/google2.htmlextracting: tocompress/dot2.txtextracting: tocompress/secuential.txtinflating: tocompress/index.html.1extracting: tocompress/file.txtextracting: tocompress/datos1inflating: tocompress/2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynbextracting: tocompress/datos123
InputPython!ls -lhCopied
Output
total 792K-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 280K dic 6 00:28 2021-02-11-Introduccion-a-Python.ipynb-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 Abc-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 datos123-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot2.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 dot.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 file.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 google2.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:48 google.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 00:56 index.html-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 15K dic 6 01:49 index.html.1-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 182 dic 6 01:06 lista.txt-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 0 dic 6 01:08 secuential.txtdrwxrwxr-x 2 wallabot wallabot 4,0K dic 6 01:52 tocompress-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 340K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 52K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.tar.gz-rw-rw-r-- 1 wallabot wallabot 64K dic 6 01:53 tocompress.zip
Processos em background e foreground
Pausar um processo e levá-lo para o background com CTRL+Z
Quando executamos um processo no terminal, ele pode não parar de ser executado e podemos querer continuar usando o terminal; para resolver isso, podemos levar o processo para o background pressionando CTRL+Z
Por exemplo, eu posso fazer um ping para mim mesmo, sem especificar o número de tentativas, então isso estará sendo executado até que eu pare o processo pressionando CTRL+C
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.024 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms^C--- localhost ping statistics ---6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5127msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.024/0.027/0.036/0.004 ms
No entanto, se o que queremos é pausar o processo por um momento para poder continuar usando o terminal, é necessário pressionar Ctrl+Z
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.028 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.020 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.017 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.021 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms^Z[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
Como indicado, o processo foi interrompido; ele não está em execução enquanto o levo para segundo plano
Ver os processos em background com jobs
Para ver quais processos estão em segundo plano, temos dois comandos; por um lado, podemos usar jobs
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
jobs[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
Este comando nos fornece o processo e o número do job. Este número será o que deveremos usar para levar o processo para o foreground
Ver os processos em background com ps
Outro comando que podemos usar é ps (processes)
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD16232 pts/3 00:00:00 bash17070 pts/3 00:00:00 ping18376 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
Este comando não apenas nos fornece as informações dos processos que estão sendo executados em background, mas de todos os processos que estão sendo executados no terminal.
É importante ressaltar que, se abrirmos um novo terminal e usarmos qualquer um desses comandos, ele não nos dará a informação do ping, já que o executamos em outro terminal
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD18993 pts/2 00:00:00 bash19290 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Como vemos jobs não devolve nada porque neste terminal não há nenhum processo em segundo plano e ps só nos devolve a informação do bash (a própria terminal) e o comando ps lançado
Levar um processo do background para o foreground
Para trazer um processo para o foreground, é preciso usar o comando fg; se quiser trazer o último que foi colocado em background, basta digitar fg. Caso contrário, é necessário indicar o número do job.
Vamos voltar a ver os processos que tínhamos em segundo plano
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Detenido ping localhost
Podemos trazer este processo para o foreground apenas escrevendo fg ou indicando o número do job com fg %1
InputPython!fg %1Copied
Output
ping localhost64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=0.032 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.045 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=0.035 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=11 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
Executar um processo diretamente em segundo plano
Vamos lançar novamente o navegador Firefox agora, digitando firefox no terminal e pressionando CTRL+Z para levá-lo ao background
InputPython!firefoxCopied
Output
[GFX1-]: glxtest: VA-API test failed: failed to initialise VAAPI connection.[2022-11-29T06:16:17Z ERROR glean_core::metrics::ping] Invalid reason code startup for ping background-update^Z[1]+ Detenido firefox
Como vemos, ele indica que o processo foi interrompido, de modo que, se agora quisermos navegar pelo Firefox, não poderemos, pois ele está interrompido.
Para poder iniciar o Firefox e deixá-lo em segundo plano para que não bloqueie o terminal, é preciso escrever um & no final do comando
InputPython!firefox &Copied
Output
[1] 23663$ [GFX1-]: glxtest: VA-API test failed: failed to initialise VAAPI connection.[2022-11-29T06:19:40Z ERROR glean_core::metrics::ping] Invalid reason code startup for ping background-update$
Agora iniciamos o Firefox, ele nos diz seu número de job e fica em execução em segundo plano.
De fato, se agora olharmos para os processos, podemos ver que o estado do Firefox é *Executando*
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Ejecutando firefox &
Encerrar um processo que está em segundo plano
Como temos o Firefox em execução em segundo plano, se quisermos que ele termine, temos que usar kill e o número do job do processo. Vamos usar jobs para ver o número do job do Firefox
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Ejecutando firefox &
Seu número de trabalho é 1, portanto usamos esse número para encerrar o processo.
InputPython!kill %1Copied
Output
Não nos responde nada, mas se voltarmos a usar jobs para ver os processos em background
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
[1]+ Terminado firefox
Vemos que nos diz que o Firefox terminou; se voltarmos a executar jobs, já não aparecerá nada
InputPython!jobsCopied
Output
Processos em background independentes do terminal
Até agora vimos como executar processos em segundo plano dependentes do terminal, isso significa que, se enviarmos para o segundo plano um processo e fecharmos o terminal, ele enviará uma mensagem de encerramento a todos os processos que estão em seu segundo plano e eles terminarão
Mas há vezes que nos interessa que o processo fique em segundo plano, poder fechar o terminal, abrir outro e recuperar esse processo, para isso usaremos tmux, que é um multiplexador de terminais.
É possível que venha instalada, por isso, para instalá-la, você deve inserir o seguinte
sudo apt install tmuxUma vez instalada, podemos criar uma nova sessão de tmux por meio do tmux new -s <name>
tmux new -s session1Isso nos abrirá um novo terminal, que na realidade é uma sessão de tmux
Dentro dela podemos lançar um processo, por exemplo um ping para nós mesmos
InputPython!ping localhostCopied
Output
PING localhost (127.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.036 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
Podemos fechar esse terminal
Se abrirmos uma nova, podemos ver todas as sessões de tmux abertas com o comando tmux ls
InputPython!tmux lsCopied
Output
session1: 1 windows (created Tue Nov 29 08:15:22 2022)
E podemos entrar em uma sessão por meio do comando tmux, seguido de a (attach), -t (tag) e o nome da sessão
InputPython!tmux a -t session1Copied
Output
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=146 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=147 ttl=64 time=0.022 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=148 ttl=64 time=0.026 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=149 ttl=64 time=0.013 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=150 ttl=64 time=0.027 ms64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=151 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms
Como vemos, recuperamos o ping de antes
Quando estamos dentro de uma sessão, podemos sair dela (encerrando-a) escrevendo CTRL+D ou escrevendo exit
Gestão de processos
Para lidar com os processos do nosso sistema, temos várias opções
Gerenciador de processos ps
Como vimos antes, ps nos mostra os processos que estão sendo executados em nosso terminal. Por exemplo, executamos um processo em segundo plano e vemos os processos com ps
InputPython!firefox &Copied
Output
[1] 50555
Vemos agora os processos
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD36660 pts/3 00:00:00 bash50555 pts/3 00:00:02 firefox50613 pts/3 00:00:00 Socket Process50635 pts/3 00:00:00 Privileged Cont50683 pts/3 00:00:00 WebExtensions50741 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50743 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50748 pts/3 00:00:00 Web Content50840 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
Uma vez que saibamos seu PID, podemos matar o processo
InputPython!kill 50555Copied
Output
Vemos agora os processos
InputPython!psCopied
Output
PID TTY TIME CMD36660 pts/3 00:00:00 bash51132 pts/3 00:00:00 ps
Mas, como dissemos, o problema do ps é que ele só mostra os processos do seu terminal
Para que ele nos mostre todos os processos do sistema, temos que adicionar aux
InputPythonterminal("ps aux", max_lines_output=10)Copied
Output
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMANDroot 1 0.2 0.0 169936 13172 ? Ss 23:06 0:01 /sbin/init splashroot 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 23:06 0:00 [kthreadd]root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [rcu_gp]root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [rcu_par_gp]root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [netns]root 7 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri]root 9 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [kworker/0:1H-events_highpri]root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 23:06 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 23:06 0:00 [rcu_tasks_rude_]...wallabot 11094 0.0 0.2 1184730916 65900 ? Sl 23:19 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=76 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=781545948 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 11428 0.3 0.2 38136100 75812 ? Sl 23:21 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/markdown-language-features/server/dist/node/main --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508root 11508 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I 23:21 0:00 [kworker/4:1-events]wallabot 11683 0.0 0.0 14192 3380 ? R 23:22 0:00 ps aux
Agora, se o que eu quero é buscar apenas os processos que estejam executando meu usuário, posso fazer isso criando um pipe e buscando com grep
InputPython!ps aux | grep wallabotCopied
Output
avahi 802 0.0 0.0 8536 3912 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 avahi-daemon: running [wallabot.local]wallabot 1153 0.0 0.0 19856 10624 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd --userwallabot 1154 0.0 0.0 170004 3680 ? S 23:06 0:00 (sd-pam)wallabot 1159 0.1 0.0 2569384 22808 ? S<sl 23:06 0:01 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journalwallabot 1161 0.1 0.1 591424 37248 ? SNsl 23:06 0:02 /usr/libexec/tracker-miner-fswallabot 1164 0.0 0.0 390744 8664 ? SLl 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --daemonize --loginwallabot 1168 0.0 0.0 166804 6616 tty2 Ssl+ 23:06 0:00 /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm-x-session --run-script env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu /usr/bin/gnome-session --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1173 0.0 0.0 8904 6012 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation --syslog-onlywallabot 1181 0.0 0.0 242628 7884 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsdwallabot 1196 0.0 0.0 378348 5544 ? Sl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-fuse /run/user/1000/gvfs -f -o big_writeswallabot 1203 0.0 0.0 316896 9540 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitorwallabot 1209 0.0 0.0 319540 8920 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-afc-volume-monitorwallabot 1215 0.0 0.0 238612 5476 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-mtp-volume-monitorwallabot 1220 0.0 0.0 239456 6988 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-goa-volume-monitorwallabot 1224 0.0 0.2 707176 69244 ? SLl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/goa-daemonwallabot 1231 0.0 0.0 317692 9068 ? Sl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/goa-identity-servicewallabot 1237 0.0 0.0 240888 6244 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitorwallabot 1308 0.0 0.0 190872 13688 tty2 Sl+ 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-session-binary --systemd --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1375 0.0 0.0 6040 452 ? Ss 23:06 0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent /usr/bin/im-launch env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu /usr/bin/gnome-session --systemd --session=ubuntuwallabot 1394 0.0 0.0 305428 6572 ? Ssl 23:06 0:00 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher...wallabot 8911 0.0 0.2 38136100 70604 ? Sl 23:10 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/json-language-features/server/dist/node/jsonServerMain --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508wallabot 8932 0.0 0.0 13648 5412 pts/0 Ss+ 23:10 0:00 /usr/bin/bash --init-file /usr/share/code/resources/app/out/vs/workbench/contrib/terminal/browser/media/shellIntegration-bash.shwallabot 9112 0.0 0.1 816596 50392 ? Ssl 23:10 0:00 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-serverwallabot 9120 0.0 0.0 13628 5212 pts/1 Ss+ 23:10 0:00 bashwallabot 10927 0.0 0.3 1184807108 117996 ? Sl 23:19 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=72 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=743183717 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 11428 0.1 0.2 38136100 74884 ? Sl 23:21 0:00 /usr/share/code/code --ms-enable-electron-run-as-node /usr/share/code/resources/app/extensions/markdown-language-features/server/dist/node/main --node-ipc --clientProcessId=8508wallabot 12009 0.0 0.2 1184730916 65832 ? Sl 23:24 0:00 /opt/google/chrome/chrome --type=renderer --crashpad-handler-pid=5080 --enable-crash-reporter=, --change-stack-guard-on-fork=enable --lang=es --num-raster-threads=4 --enable-main-frame-before-activation --renderer-client-id=80 --time-ticks-at-unix-epoch=-1670018798736448 --launch-time-ticks=1081580044 --shared-files=v8_context_snapshot_data:100 --field-trial-handle=0,i,18391862866948577032,30807856093711604,131072wallabot 12109 0.0 0.0 2616 596 pts/2 Ss+ 23:25 0:00 /usr/bin/sh -c ps aux | grep wallabotwallabot 12110 0.0 0.0 14192 3560 pts/2 R+ 23:25 0:00 ps auxwallabot 12111 0.0 0.0 11668 660 pts/2 S+ 23:25 0:00 grep wallabot
Gerenciador de processos top
Com top podemos ver todos os processos do sistema operativo. Mostrará a informação com less, por isso, tal como foi explicado antes, quando se queira parar top, introduzindo q irá parar
InputPython!topCopied
Output
top - 09:31:32 up 3:21, 1 user, load average: 2,42, 2,79, 2,48Tareas: 382 total, 1 ejecutar, 381 hibernar, 0 detener, 0 zombie%Cpu(s): 14,2 usuario, 1,5 sist, 0,0 adecuado, 84,3 inact, 0,0 en espera, 0,MiB Mem : 32006,4 total, 20281,8 libre, 6229,0 usado, 5495,6 búfer/cachéMiB Intercambio: 2048,0 total, 2048,0 libre, 0,0 usado. 24979,1 disponPID USUARIO PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM HORA+ ORDEN10192 wallabot 20 0 3347636 388848 84140 S 137,5 1,2 282:24.59 python44161 wallabot 20 0 30,2g 217208 100148 S 12,5 0,7 0:40.92 spotify76 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 6,2 0,0 0:00.12 ksoftir+1105 root -51 0 0 0 0 S 6,2 0,0 2:54.29 irq/125+43990 wallabot 20 0 3998836 246260 145800 S 6,2 0,8 0:53.69 spotify44101 wallabot 20 0 1995108 130316 89848 S 6,2 0,4 0:08.34 spotify51510 wallabot 20 0 14876 4088 3288 R 6,2 0,0 0:00.01 top1 root 20 0 169736 13188 8380 S 0,0 0,0 0:01.51 systemd2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 kthreadd3 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_gp4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_par+5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 netns7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 kworker+9 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.03 kworker+10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 mm_perc+11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+12 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 rcu_tas+
Como se pode ver, o PID 44161 é o Spotify, que estou usando agora para reproduzir música, mas com ps não o tínhamos visto
Assim como antes, se quisermos matar um processo devemos introduzir kill e o seu PID
O bom do top é que ele nos oferece muito mais utilidades; se pressionarmos h, ele mostrará a ajuda
InputPython!hCopied
Output
Help for Interactive Commands - procps-ng 3.3.16Window 1:Def: Cumulative mode Apagado. System: Delay 3,0 secs; Secure mode ApagZ,B,E,e Global: 'Z' colors; 'B' bold; 'E'/'e' summary/task memory scalel,t,m Toggle Summary: 'l' load avg; 't' task/cpu stats; 'm' memory info0,1,2,3,I Toggle: '0' zeros; '1/2/3' cpus or numa node views; 'I' Irix modef,F,X Fields: 'f'/'F' add/remove/order/sort; 'X' increase fixed-widthL,&,<,> . Locate: 'L'/'&' find/again; Move sort column: '<'/'>' left/rightR,H,J,C . Toggle: 'R' Sort; 'H' Threads; 'J' Num justify; 'C' Coordinatesc,i,S,j . Toggle: 'c' Cmd name/line; 'i' Idle; 'S' Time; 'j' Str justifyx,y . Toggle highlights: 'x' sort field; 'y' running tasksz,b . Toggle: 'z' color/mono; 'b' bold/reverse (only if 'x' or 'y')u,U,o,O . Filter by: 'u'/'U' effective/any user; 'o'/'O' other criterian,#,^O . Set: 'n'/'#' max tasks displayed; Show: Ctrl+'O' other filter(s)V,v . Toggle: 'V' forest view; 'v' hide/show forest view childrenk,r Gestiona tareas: «k» detener; «r» reiniciard o s Establece intervalo de actualizaciónW,Y Write configuration file 'W'; Inspect other output 'Y'q Quit( commands shown with '.' require a visible task display window )Press 'h' or '?' for help with Windows,Type 'q' or <Esc> to continue
Para sair, pressione ESC ou q
Como mostrado na ajuda, se introduzirmos u podemos filtrar por usuário, introduzimos meu usuário (wallabot) e posso ver apenas meus processos
InputPython!uCopied
Output
top - 09:35:57 up 3:25, 1 user, load average: 1,02, 2,27, 2,39Tareas: 378 total, 1 ejecutar, 377 hibernar, 0 detener, 0 zombie%Cpu(s): 13,4 usuario, 0,4 sist, 0,0 adecuado, 86,1 inact, 0,1 en espera, 0,MiB Mem : 32006,4 total, 20288,0 libre, 6212,0 usado, 5506,4 búfer/cachéMiB Intercambio: 2048,0 total, 2048,0 libre, 0,0 usado. 24989,1 disponPID USUARIO PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM HORA+ ORDEN10192 wallabot 20 0 3347636 388848 84140 S 148,2 1,2 288:46.50 python43990 wallabot 20 0 3998836 246552 146092 S 2,7 0,8 0:59.55 spotify1384 wallabot 20 0 4909848 453700 133164 S 1,7 1,4 11:14.02 gnome-s+1119 wallabot 9 -11 3093876 24504 17836 S 1,3 0,1 0:48.99 pulseau+32462 wallabot 20 0 1134,0g 643412 128632 S 1,3 2,0 7:39.91 chrome44161 wallabot 20 0 30,2g 217112 100488 S 1,3 0,7 0:44.87 spotify10135 wallabot 20 0 826220 58164 41648 S 1,0 0,2 0:14.56 gnome-t+6635 wallabot 20 0 33,0g 647936 436252 S 0,3 2,0 4:01.80 chrome6679 wallabot 20 0 32,4g 125564 94016 S 0,3 0,4 0:52.19 chrome8010 wallabot 20 0 1130,9g 232800 116092 S 0,3 0,7 0:13.70 chrome44101 wallabot 20 0 1995108 130444 89916 S 0,3 0,4 0:09.19 spotify1113 wallabot 20 0 19880 10528 8096 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.38 systemd1114 wallabot 20 0 169792 3636 12 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 (sd-pam)1121 wallabot 39 19 591436 37256 16676 S 0,0 0,1 0:03.19 tracker+1124 wallabot 20 0 390740 8688 7416 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.45 gnome-k+1128 wallabot 20 0 166804 6596 5956 S 0,0 0,0 0:00.00 gdm-x-s+1134 wallabot 20 0 9152 6144 3796 S 0,0 0,0 0:01.81 dbus-da+
Outra forma de ver isso para poder filtrar por usuário seria fazer um pipeline e usar grep
InputPython!top | grep wallabotCopied
Output
1440 wallabot 20 0 4684708 505432 118024 S 6,7 1,5 2:05.92 gnome-s+25326 wallabot 20 0 1133,0g 527912 123732 S 1,7 1,6 1:31.73 chrome1440 wallabot 20 0 4684708 505476 118024 S 1,3 1,5 2:05.96 gnome-s+6199 wallabot 20 0 1131,0g 266068 116164 S 0,3 0,8 0:15.23 chrome17606 wallabot 20 0 818228 52096 39488 S 0,3 0,2 0:02.59 gnome-t+34284 wallabot 20 0 14876 4376 3308 R 0,3 0,0 0:00.02 top
Gerenciador de processos htop
É parecido ao top, mas mais potente
Provavelmente você não o tem instalado, então, para instalá-lo, introduza o comando
sudo apt install htopo
sudo snap install htopGerenciador de processos glances
É parecido a top, mas mais potente
Provavelmente você não o tenha instalado, então para instalá-lo, introduza o comando
sudo apt install glances---
➡️ **Continua na Parte 3: administração do sistema**, onde você gerenciará recursos, pacotes, usuários e segurança como um profissional.
